(A) according to the functions they perform and
(B) under the heading of the different terms employed to indicate the knowledge of certain parts.
Osteology--------------------is the knowledge of bones
Arthrology-------------------is the knowledge of joints
Myology----------------------is the knowledge of muscles
Splanchnology----------------is the knowledge of organs or viscera
Neurology--------------------is the knowledge of nerves and nerve structure
When grouped according to the function the general arrangement is as follows:
The Locomotory System
The Blood-Vascular System
The Digestive System
The Respiratory System
The Ductless Glands
The Urogenital System
The Nervous System
The Special Sense Organs
The Excretory System
The Locomotory System: This incudes the parts concerned in the movements of the body; the skeletal system which is composed of the bone, and certain cartilages and menbranes, the articulatory system which deals with the joints or articultions and the muscular system which includes muscles, fascia and tendon sheaths.
The Blood-Vascular System: This system includes the circulatory system and lymphatic system. Blood is the principle transport system; it is pumped round the body by the heart, oxygen is grought from the lungs and carbon dioxide collected from the tissues. Food passes to the liver and hence to the general circulation. Waste products are passed to the kidneys.
The Digestive System: This system consists of the alimentary cancl and the glands and organs associated with it. Food is broken down by the enzymes in the digestive track and taken by the blood to the liver and finally to the tissues.
The Respiratory System: This system contains th passage ad organs concerned with breathing. Oxygen from the air is taken into the blood and carried to the tissues; the waste products, carbon-dioxide is carried by the blood from the body tissues to the lungs and beathed out in the expired air.
The Ductless Glands: These ducts are grouped toether because of the internal secretions they produce. The spleen is sometimes included in this group because it also has no duct, though as far as is known it doesnot produce an internl secretion; it is concerned with the formation of red blood cells (RBC's).
The Urogenital System: This system includes the organs of the urinary system and the reproductive system. The waste products of the body, except carbon dioxide are excreted by the kidneys.
The Nervous System: This system is composed of the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cor, the peripheral nervous system consisting of the nerves given off from brain and cord and the autonomic nervous system. The central and peripheral systems are often grouped together and described as the cerebro-spinal nervous system. The autonomis nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. It is also described as the involuntary nervous system.
The Special Sense Organs: It includes the taste, smell, sight and hearing and also the tactile-function of the skin. It is through these organs that the indivisual is kept aware of external forces and thus enable to protect himself. A chicken aware of the sound of traffic runs or flies to safety.
The Excretory System: It is the term sometimes employed to describe collectively the organs that deal with excretion of waste products from the body. These organs include the urinary system, the lungs in their function of eliminating carbon-dioxide and the colon which excretes certain insoluble substances in the faeces.
0 comments:
Post a Comment